Sweetened condensed milk contains various dispersed particles, such as proteins, fats, and lactose, all of which make it highly viscous. During sweetened condensed milk production, microcrystalline lactose is added in order to control the product crystallization. The purpose of this study was to characterize the behavior of commercially sold sweetened condensed milks submitted to laser particle size analysis using two different dispersion media: water and a lactose solution. The lactose solution dispersion medium extended the length of time the sweeten condensed milk samples’ original characteristics were present during the laser diffraction particle sizing measurements that were carried out. Significant difference was observed (p < 0.05) between analysis times when water was used as a dispersing medium versus when a lactose solution was used (p > 0.05). Using a lactose solution as a dispersion medium when determining particle size in sweetened condensed milk prolongs the original characteristics of the sample substance during laser diffraction particle analysis.

As águas residuais são potenciais fontes de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e água se usadas na fertirrigação, contribuindo para o aumento de produção e atividade biológica do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a respiração basal do solo, produtividade e remoção de nutrientes por Tifton 85 após aplicação de água residual de laticínios (ARL). Conduziu-se o ensaio na Universidade Federal de Lavras, em colunas de PVC com 0,30 m de diâmetro e 1,2 m de profundidade, preenchidas com Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico e cultivadas com Tifton 85. Os tratamentos compreenderam de adubação mineral (A Q T0) recomendada para esta espécie (300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N), e quatro doses de ARL: 100 (A L T1), 200 (A L T2), 300 (A L T3) e 400% (A L T4) da recomendação de N. Realizaram-se três cortes, aos 60, 90 e 120 dias após o transplante. As crescentes dosagens de ARL não proporcionaram incrementos na respiração basal do solo. A maior produtividade foi de 15,11 t ha-1, ocorrida no segundo corte após dosagem de 7203 m³ ha-1 de ARL (A L T4), proporcionando, assim, consideráveis remoções de macro e micronutrientes neste corte. Os resultados revelaram a necessidade para efetuar tratamentos adequados às ARLs antes de sua aplicação em solos agrícolas, bem como estudos mais aprofundados ao tema abordado.

The wastewater is a potential source of nutrients, organic matter and water on the fertirrigation, contributing to increased production and biological activity of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil basal respiration, yield and nutrient removal by Tifton 85 grass after application of dairy wastewater (DW). The test was conducted at the Federal University of Lavras, in PVC columns with 0.30 m of diameter and 1.2 m deep, filled with Dystrofic Red Latosol cultivated with Tifton 85 grass. The treatments consisted of a (A Q T0) control with recommended mineral fertilization for Tifton 85 grass (300 kg ha-1 year-1 of N), and four doses of DW: 100 (A L T1), 200 (A L T2), 300 (A L T3) e 400% (A L T4) of the recommendation. Three cuts were performed, at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting. The doses of DW did not provide increases in soil basal respiration between treatments. The highest yield for 15.11 t ha-1, occurred in the second cut after the dose of 7203 m³ ha-1 of DW (A L T4), providing a considerable removal of macro and micronutrients. The results revealed the need to make appropriate treatments to ARLs your before application in agricultural soils, well as more detailed studies the subject.

A represa Dr. João Penido contém o reservatório que é a principal fonte de abastecimento de água potável da cidade de Juiz de Fora, localizada na região sudeste do Brasil. Sua construção se deu em 1934 e desde então, vem sofrendo com o mau uso e ocupação das terras em seu entorno. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi caracterizar a qualidade hídrica do manancial, relacionando os resultados com o uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica. Para isto foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas de amostras de água referente aos seguintes parâmetros: temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, turbidez, sólidos totais, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, nitrato, fósforo total, clorofila a e coliformes termotolerantes. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a Resolução 357/2005 do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) e aqueles que apresentaram desconformidade com a norma foram: oxigênio dissolvido, pH, turbidez, fósforo total e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio. Foi calculado o Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA) e o Índice de Estado Trófico (IET) para as amostras analisadas. Os resultados mostraram a predominância do estado "mesotrófico" e nível "médio" de qualidade da água, indicando que as formas de uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica têm produzido impactos negativos no ecossistema aquático. O monitoramento demonstrou ser ferramenta fundamental, proporcionando subsídios para a elaboração de um plano de gestão integrada nas ações que envolvem a preservação e recuperação da qualidade do manancial.

The Dr. João Penido Dam contains the reservoir that is the main source of drinking water for the city of Juiz de Fora, located in the southeastern region of Brazil. It was built in in 1934 and has since suffered from the misuse and occupation of the land that surrounds it. This study sought to characterize the reservoir's water quality and to correlate our results with land use. Accordingly, we performed physical-chemical and microbiological analyses of water samples in order to measure the following parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, total solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and thermo-tolerant coliform. The results were compared with Resolution 357/2005 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), and it was found that the dissolved oxygen, pH, turbity, total phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand were not in conformity. We also calculated the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Trophic State Index (TSI) for the all of the samples and found the water to be in a predominately "mesothrophic" state and the water quality level to be "medium." This suggests that occupation and the forms of use of the watershed have negatively impacted the aquatic ecosystem. Monitoring has proven itself to be a critical tool, providing subsidies for the development of an integrated management plan for the preservation and restoration of the quality of the reservoir.

Oxocarbons ions are cyclic compounds presenting unusual electronic and vibrational properties. These molecules anions possess a high symmetry and degree of electronic delocalization, characteristics that have been discussed in several structural and spectroscopic investigations. Compounds in which one or more of the carbonyl oxygen atoms are replaced by other atoms or groups are called pseudo-oxocarbons. Compounds formed by substitution of the carbonyl groups by nitrogen groups former a new class named squaraines. Specificity the dicyanomethylene groups are interesting because of the possibility of further extension of the electronic delocalization and a new coordination site. These molecules also present interesting coordination properties which make these systems potentially useful in crystal engineering research.

Desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático para simulação do transporte de soluto no solo e no escoamento superficial. As equações diferenciais que regem os processos de transporte são resolvidas numericamente, pelo método das diferenças finitas. Para se avaliar o desempenho do modelo proposto, montou-se um experimento em nível de campo, constituído de nove parcelas, nas quais foram aplicadas três lâminas de irrigação com diferentes intensidades de precipitação; antes e após a aplicação da irrigação foram retiradas amostras de solo, para a obtenção dos perfis de umidade e, no final da parcela, coletou-se a vazão escoada superficialmente, pelo método direto. Os resultados simulados pelo modelo foram comparados com os experimentais, através do erro relativo médio. O modelo desenvolvido mostrou-se adequado para se descrever os processos de movimento de água no solo e escoamento superficial, apresentando comportamento semelhante aos das observações experimentais, podendo ser utilizado para simular esses processos, desde que os parâmetros de entrada do modelo sejam representativos.

A mathematical model was developed to simulate solute transport in both soil and in surface runoff. The differential equations that govern the transport processes are numerically solved through the finite difference method. For the evaluation of the proposed model a field experiment was planned with nine plots under three irrigation levels with different rainfall intensities. Soil was sampled before and after irrigation to obtain moisture content profiles. At the end of the plot runoff flow was collected by the direct method. The model-simulated results were compared with the experimental data through the mean relative error. The developed model was found to describe adequately water movement and surface runoff, showing a behavior similar to experimental observations, making possible the utilization of the model to simulate these processes, if the model input parameters are representative.